Definition and Types of Environmental Microorganisms
1. Definition
Environmental microorganisms are microscopic biological organisms found in natural environments, existing in various settings such as the atmosphere, soil, and water. These microorganisms are crucial components of the Earth’s ecosystem.
2. Types
• Bacteria
Features: Single-celled organisms found in diverse environments, some beneficial while others can be pathogenic.
Examples: E. coli, lactic acid bacteria used in food fermentation.
• Fungi
Features: Includes various types of molds and yeasts, contributing to soil decomposition and plant oxygen exchange.
Examples: Candida (yeast), Saccharomyces (yeast).
• Viruses
Features: Classified as microorganisms, but biologically rely on host cells for replication. Some are pathogenic viruses causing infections in humans and animals.
Examples: Influenza virus, HIV.
• Algae
Features: Single-celled or multicellular microorganisms that derive energy through photosynthesis in water.
Examples: Silica diatoms (brown algae), red tide algae (red algae).
• Protozoa
Features: Single-celled animals living in moisture-rich environments, some of which can be pathogenic.
Examples: Amoebas, ciliates (a type of protozoa).
• Archaea
Features: Microorganisms with unique cell structures, similar to bacteria but capable of living in extreme environments.
Examples: Methanogens.